The book addresses scientists and technical experts who have already some background knowledge in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and who want to know more about standardisation in GIS, in particular, the role of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In addition, the monograph meets the needs of programmers who are involved in implementing ISO 19100 standards and who need a better understanding of the overall structure of the standards. Last, but not least, this richly illustrated book helps readers to better understand the rather abstract ISO documents.

The book addresses scientists and technical experts who have already some background knowledge in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and who want to know more about standardisation in GIS, in particular, the role of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In addition, the monograph meets the needs of programmers who are involved in implementing ISO 19100 standards and who need a better understanding of the overall structure of the standards. Last, but not least, this richly illustrated book helps readers to better understand the rather abstract ISO documents.

Computer science provides a powerful toolwhich was virtually unknown three generations ago and newapplications have emergedwhich were technically not feasible without the support of a computer. These developments lead to new high-level domains. One of them is Geographic Information.

Classical fields of knowledge are geodesy (surveying), cartography, and geography.Electronics and computershave revolutionized geodetic methods. Cartography has faced the dominance of the computer that results in simplified cartographic products. All three fields now make use ofthe internet and databases wheregeodesy may be interpreted as the input-component, cartography as the output component, and geography as one of many application of geographic information.

Fast and mobile internet access as well as a comprehensive standardization of data exchange have opened the door to many new applications. Typical examples are spatial data infrastructures. They enable an overlay of data that reside on different computers but are geometrically referred to the same area. They revolutionize the relationsbetween citizensand administration and economy. Another field is location based services whichlink mobile devices with spatial and temporal data. The most advanced concept is called ubiquitous GIS which handles a great number of position-coded mobile objects. The automatic administration of these objects has already gained importance within logistics enterprises.

The contents of the Springer Handbook of Geographic Information reflects these thoughts. It is organized in the parts, Basics, Geographic Information, andApplications.Some parts of the basics part belong to computer science. However, the reader gets a comprehensive view of geographic information becausethe topics selected from computer sciences have a close relation to geographic information.